Equality for Americans How African Americans Achieved...

African Americans throughout the road to gain racial equality exercised many methods in order to attain such liberties. We start our exploration by viewing the most paramount methods to acquire racial equality; these methods included lobbying public officials through the court system and through peaceful public protests. Well lastly address the violent methods used to gain racial equality but see how they were mostly unavailing. There were diffused ideals among African American leaders on how to handle racial inequalities in society during the progressive era, but its leaders would form the pathways on which future generations would commence on in gaining racial equality. Following is a part of an essay written by African American†¦show more content†¦Shortly before the march was scheduled to take place, Roosevelt caved in. He issued an executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries because of race, creed, color, or national origin.† (Cavallo, 139). This lead African Americans to hold further marches such as the famous March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963 (Hewitt, 832). The effect of the almost march conducted by A. Philip Randolph in 1941 was that over 700,000 African Americans left the South to gain access to the jobs that opened up because of Roosevelts executive order (Cavallo, 139). Though peaceful protests and court appeals were the most common forms of gaini ng racial equality, and arguably the most effective, violence found its place. Most African Americans who used violence as a means to acquire racial equality used it purely as a form of defense in their communities. The following excerpt from the essay â€Å"Race, Gender, and the Civil Rights Movement: The Struggle in Mississippi† by Steve Estes, thats included in the book Public Lives/Public Moments, gives us an illustration of African Americans using self-defense and their struggles with it even being leaders of the NAACP, â€Å"The debate came to a head in 1959. That year, the national leadership of the NAACP [Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People] denounced the militant stance taken by Robert Williams. A veteran of theShow MoreRelatedWEB Dubois and Booker T. Washington: A Comparative Analysis of Ideas625 Words   |  3 Pagesand Booker T. Washington were both highly intelligent African American men who wrote about the disparities between the lives of whites and blacks in the United States during the nineteenth and into the twenti eth centuries. Each man saw the way in which his fellow African Americans were being treated by the white majority and used their intelligence and persuasive skills to bring attention to this very serious issue. Both men fought for equality through nonviolent protest and the application of logicalRead MoreRacial Equality During The Harlem Renaissance843 Words   |  4 Pagescontinued after the Civil War. Yet, much like women, racial equality had its gains and its setbacks, especially in the South. Many of the gains for African Americans came in forms such as free blacks whom were equal to white men, political participation, and artistic and social expression during the Harlem Renaissance. However, the setbacks were much larger defeat, such as segregation and the overall treatment of blacks in the States. Racial equality has been a feat that blacks and other people of colorRead MoreThe Negro And Signs Of Civilization1188 Words   |  5 Pagesproblems of inequality and disenfranchisement of African Americans that began in the post-civil war era. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington are considered by historians, two of the prominent leaders of the black community in the late 19th and early 20th century who sought inclusion and equality through social and economic progress. While their end goals were the same, the means in which they utilized their platforms and their philosophy on how best to accomplish this varied. Among other accomplishmentsRead MoreEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that800 Words   |  4 PagesEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that the African American community needed a renewed sense of belonging, like all the other communities have in this day in age. This sense of being is better known as equality. Webster’s dictionary defines equality as having the same rights, social status and opportunities as others. The African American community has yet to reach a plateau were they are seen as equals. Equalities for African Americans areRead MoreRacial Equality : Economics Vs Education876 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Equality: Economics vs Education Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade apart, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother wasRead MoreRacial Leadership And The African American Political Thought From B Du Bois1260 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States we have had different views of racial leadership in Afro American political thought from W.E.B Du Bois to Booker T. Washington to Marcus Garvey who sought to lead African-Americans from the oppression they face. All three of these historical figures had different views on racial leadership and politics as well as the vision and direction that racial emancipation should take. W.E.B Du Bois argued that African-Americans should political, economic, and social freedom and advancement. BookerRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance and Its Effect on the American Dream1541 Words   |  6 PagesRenaissance and its Effect on the American Dream What was the Harlem Renaissance? The Harlem Renaissance was a period of time in American history that emphasized African American culture in the form of music, art, and poetry. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was plagued by poverty and racial inequality. African Americans held the dream of upward mobility and racial equality, through mediums such as poetry and jazz: a new form of music originating from the African American community of Harlem. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington872 Words   |  4 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade a part, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother was a slave which meant that he too wouldRead MoreMLK Argument Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ MLK Argument Essay Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was delivered on August 28, 1963. MLK’s dream was complete equality for African-Americans in all aspects of life. This dream has not become the reality in America today; however, great strides have been made towards equality for African-Americans and tremendous improvements have been made since Dr. King’s speech was delivered. Two men arrested for the same crime. Two court cases. Two trials and verdicts delivered with a decisionRead MoreAfrican American Experience896 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Experience African Americans lived differently than white men did during the turn of the century. They faced many problems within the society. Some of the issues they faced were out of their hands. Although things were not the greatest all the time, there were supporters and organizations that they could turn to. Along with these organizations they had leaders that tried to help the race. Many African Americans became successful in the late 1920’s, and still to this day there

Value Management Free Essays

Q. 1 Using your emerging knowledge of Value Management (VM), critically appraise the report and make suggestions as to how the VM study might have been run differently / more effectively. A Value Management report is the basis to a well-constructed project in the sense that all parties involved or potentially affected will be content with the final outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is vital to understand and elaborate on the key aspects that determine a value management study in order to gain an agreeable conclusion. Often these guidelines are met, yet comparatively and with no due culpability, some guidelines are overseen. The causes of these significant errors are often mistakes and rarely intentional however they greatly skew the findings and lead to inevitable issues raised in the future. The Value Management Workshop Report, dated 26 November 2009, is focused on the Road and Traffic Authority’ (RTA) Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project. It incorporates many of the procedures and strategies that are set out in a report titled Total Asset Management, September 2004, which has been developed by New South Wales Government Treasury’s Office. This particular documents basis is value management guideline. In order to construct an argument as to how the Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project workshop could have been run differently and more effectively I will juxtapose these two documents. There are two main criteria that will be focused on; the stages of a Value Management and when such stages should be initiated and pre workshop planning and what it should comprise of. For a major project/program, several Value Management studies may be needed, for example at the service planning stage, the concept development stage, at the construction stage, at the operation and maintenance stage and, ultimately, at disposal’. (Value Management guideline, 2004) There is no question that the 6 major stages of a project listed above require a Value Management Plan. In this particular instance the concept development stage is the main focus of the RTA report. Concept development should include the scope of the project, what the project a ims to achieve and the general reasoning behind such a development. The general concept of this proposed project can be described as ‘light’ meaning that the reason for undertaking a public infrastructure project, estimated in excess of $275 million excluding the three phases included in the Mount Victoria section, is a little unclear. It is stated that ‘The highway upgrade work that has already been completed [on The Great Western Highway] has led to improved travel times for motorists and a safer road environment for all motorists, pedestrians and cyclists’. RTA: Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project, 26 November 2009) The New South Wales Governments plan to upgrade state roads, is therefore a green light to develop and upgrade new roads as the RTA deems fit. There is no thought or mention of rejuvenating existing infrastructure, which would be presumably economically healthier and time efficient. Although such a consideration may have become immediately redundant once ousted, there should have been ample opportunity for consi deration by all members of the workshop, which in fact there wasn’t. It is effective to conduct pre workshops programmes in a smaller group to develop issues that can be readily raised in the major Value Management workshop. Identifying issues early rather than over the two days of the workshop will give organisers and sub sequentially the members of the workshop the ability to address and answer problems with relevant facts, current data and more importantly directly. This would be a substitute of ‘ball park’ figures and broad/ assumed answers that would have been put forward if pre workshop programmes were not conducted. How to cite Value Management, Papers

Technology and Sociotechnical Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Technology and Sociotechnical Systems Management. Answer: Introduction This report is based on determining the requirements for development of My Health Record system which will help to capture the stories of young person with mental illness. In this system, the story of patient will be captured at the first instance so that they do not have to re-tell their story every time they visit any Headspace worker or hospital. In this report, the discussions are carried out by illustrating a stakeholder map to identify the internal and external stakeholders associated with the project. Further, questionnaire is also developed for sending it to stakeholders so as to acquire details on the environment along with problem area and capability of the system for mitigating the problems. A Use case diagram is designed to illustrate the operations management that will be carried out by the information system. In the My Health Record system, the internal and external stakeholders will be responsible for carrying out the operational and functional activities. Hence, a stakeholder map has been designed to illustrate upon the stakeholders categorized as internal and external along with their functional area. For each stakeholder, the reason behind their interest in the project have been presented as below: Stakeholder Name Type Reason of Interest Project Manager Internal stakeholder This person will be responsible for control as well as monitoring of the whole project from beginning to completion. Project Manager will also ensure the project is completed within estimated time and allocated budget. System Developer Internal stakeholder This person will accomplish the entire the development of the system management and determining that it meets the requirement. This person have high interest in this project. Finance manager Internal stakeholder This person has medium interest in this project as he/she will be associated with only budgeting and estimating the associated costs. IS consultant Internal stakeholder For developing the information system, project manager and project sponsor have to be consult with the IS consultant. Project sponsor Internal stakeholder This person will be responsible for estimating the financial or capital investment required for the project. Patient External stakeholder Patients can record their story for future reference so that they do not have to narrate each and every time they visit a hospital. Doctor External stakeholder The doctors will be responsible for monitoring the health of patients thus they have low interest directly related to the project. Service providers External stakeholder The specialist co-ops are dependable to see every one of the prerequisites of both the inner and outside partners. Government External stakeholder Keeping in mind the end goal to build up My Health Record" framework the standard administer and arrangements are should have been kept up by the task colleagues and by the framework designers. For identifying the requirements to develop the My Health Record system, a set of structured questionnaire are being prepared as below: Questions for internal stakeholders Do you have any idea on the special feature or services that will be provided by the system? What safety measurements have to be undertaken during development of the system? Do you have any information if the system can be operated by a mobile application? What system flowchart will be maintained to fetch data from the server? Under pseudonym it is conceivable to enlist inside the framework? What various types of confirmation codes will be utilized amid the framework recognizable proof? Questions for external stakeholders Is there any invoice option for the patients and doctors as well? Is there any specification for data access from the server? Is there any restriction for the My Health Record system usage? Can anyone go through the heath details of others? Description of the Use case Name of the use case Answering on interview questionnaires Case scenario Reply to the inquiries those are produced by the individuals from the clinical group. Event triggered The patients are anxious to reply to the inquiries Description After intranet sign in into the framework the patients will have the capacity to reply to the review questions created by the clinical group Relevant use cases Intranet sign in for "My Health Record" framework. Actors Patient/User Stakeholders Doctors along with clinical agency as well as patients Preliminary condition Interview question accessibility Patients are required to have checked client id and watchword Authentication for the patients and accessibility of endorsement from the framework end Devices ought to be associated with the specialists and specialist co-ops Post condition Validated patients authentication Invoice must be gotten by the patients Updated patients account Reports ought to be created for imperative mark or endorsement Report ought to be transmitted to the clinical office Activity flow Actors activity Systems activity Patients are anxious to reply to study address Id and secret word ought to be inputted Then the patients can reply to the study questions System is associated with gadgets, specialists and specialist organizations. Client's id is confirmed Feedback created Approval Review report transmitted Expected outcome The system should be secured from external attackers and must possess all the relevant features those are necessary to develop a digitized health record keeping system. Conclusion From the discussions being carried out in this report it can be concluded that the internal as well as external stakeholders have to be taken into consideration while development of the system. The system help to provide benefits to the patients as they will be able to record their story at the first instance which will be kept in the system for future reference. The stakeholder analysis has provided that internal as well as the external stakeholders have significant interest in the project whether directly related or not. The answers to the survey questionnaire will help to achieve proper solutions and determine exact services that will be provided by the system. Bibliography Boulos, M. N. K., Brewer, A. C., Karimkhani, C., Buller, D. B., Dellavalle, R. P. (2014). Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification.Online journal of public health informatics,5(3). Kerns, J. W., Krist, A. H., Longo, D. R., Kuzel, A. J., Woolf, S. H. (2013). How patients want to engage with their personal health record: a qualitative study.BMJ open,3(7), e002931. Pavlik, V., Brown, A. E., Nash, S., Gossey, J. T. (2014). Association of patient recall, satisfaction, and adherence to content of an electronic health record (EHR)generated after visit summary: a randomized clinical trial.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,27(2), 209-218. Pearce, C., Bainbridge, M. (2014). A personally controlled electronic health record for Australia.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,21(4), 707-713. Pearl, R. (2014). Kaiser Permanente Northern California: current experiences with internet, mobile, and video technologies.Health Affairs,33(2), 251-257. Shortliffe, E. H., Cimino, J. J. (Eds.). (2013).Biomedical informatics: computer applications in health care and biomedicine. Springer Science Business Media. Shortliffe, E. H., Cimino, J. J. (Eds.). (2013).Biomedical informatics: computer applications in health care and biomedicine. Springer Science Business Media. Singh, H., Spitzmueller, C., Petersen, N. J., Sawhney, M. K., Smith, M. W., Murphy, D. R., ... Sittig, D. F. (2013). Primary care practitioners' views on test result management in EHR-enabled health systems: a national survey.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(4), 727-735. Ventola, C. L. (2014). Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits.PT,39(5), 356-364. Waterson, P. (2014). Health information technology and sociotechnical systems: A progress report on recent developments within the UK National Health Service (NHS).Applied Ergonomics,45(2), 150-161.

Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work Essay Example

Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work Essay With many honeymooners there can frequently be a really similar job that they could meet, non being able to hold kids of their ain. While some twosomes could take to hold a alternate female parent, or other ways many of this shortly to be parents take the pick of acceptance. Adoption in the United States is a societal and legal procedure whereby a parent-child relationship is established between people non related by birth ( Fass ) . Originally acceptance was non recorded and was done spontaneously. While acceptance is a great manner for honeymooners to get down a household, non all types of acceptance are optimal. Interracial acceptance, as Vincent Parrillo provinces in the Encyclopedia of Social Problem that explains transracial acceptance and how it can be considered really controversial, provinces that transracial acceptance is known as acceptance that takes topographic point across the racial boundaries. While acceptance can be and frequently is really good to many kids s live s, interracial acceptances may non ever be the best thought because some kids may non see their cultural backgrounds and need to understand their cultural individuality. Adoptions in America has occurred and changed drastically over the past two centuries. In the beginning acceptance was self-generated and non recorded. In the Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society, Paula Fass writes an article about acceptance in the United States, giving history and information about acceptance. Adoption has become a formalistic legal establishment governed by a hodgepodge of legislative acts in 50 separate province legal powers with increasing federal engagement ( Frass ) . With authorities engagement came uniformed criterions to modulate acceptances that take topographic point in the United States. As Frass says in her article Adoption in the United States , that some experts say that the Numberss of acceptance in the United States are every bit high as six out of 10 Americans are adopted. Frass, besides states, while acceptance began in the colonial period and these kids normally ranged in ages from six to sixteen, these kids were norm ally made to work for the household as an excess brace of custodies on the farms. By the mid 19th century, province legislative assemblies began to ordain the first acceptance statues, An Act to Supply for the Adoption of Children that is set into jurisprudence in 1851 in Massachusetts. Some beneficent adult females reformists who were located in New York City founded the first private acceptance bureau in 1911. Adoption is conveying a kid and an grownup together to organize a new lifelong relationship, where they can bond and experience life lessons together, and treats the kid to a life that they should hold. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is Interracial Adoption Not Always Beneficial Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the addition in acceptance after World War II, there were non adequate Caucasic kids available for acceptance. While most households wanted to follow these kids there was an addition in following the minority as a new thought of acceptance. This new thought of acceptance was referred to as interracial acceptance or transracial acceptance, which became a new stage that was traveling on in the United States. By 1965, transracial acceptance had become known as the little revolution ( Fass ) . This is when acceptance bureaus began puting African American babes with white households more often. In 1971, transracial acceptance reached its extremum, with 468 bureaus describing 2,574 such arrangements ( Fass ) . The most recent estimation of transracial acceptance was performed in 1987 by the National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) . The determination reveled that merely eight per centum of all acceptances include parents and kids of different races ( Adoption.com ) At this cli p this was non a great figure of kids but subsequently research shows that the Numberss continue to increase. An scrutiny by the New York Times of the 2000 census-the foremost in which information on acceptance was collected-showed that merely over 16,000 white family included adopted black kids. ( Times ) While this is a big figure, the nose count did non state if these kids are being exposed to their original cultural background or if these kids were merely populating their lives as if they were a white kid with a darker skin color so their parents and siblings. While these figure are great for the sum of kids put into loving places, their exact arrangement is non ever considered in their best involvement. While there is non a set jurisprudence that is consistent between all 52 provinces, many provinces have the same accent on race in acceptances. Congress did ordain one act that effected transracial acceptance. As stated in Andrew Morrison s article Transracial Adoption: the Pros and Cons and the Parents Perspective gives the pro s and con s of transracial acceptance and has a subdivision on Legal Treatment of Race in acceptance, and this where Morrision states: In 1978, Congress enacted the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 ( ICWA ) Prior to 1978, every bit many as 30 five per centum of Native American Children were being taken from their places, about ever to be raised by white households. These kids were sometimes taken under duress and fraud. The ICWA mandated a strong penchant for race matching for Native American acceptances, leting Native American kids to be adopted by non-Native American parent merely as a last resort. These kids were to be considered to be tribal resources that should be raised by the people that know their heritage the best. In most provinces adoption Torahs permit a greater accent on race than would usually be allowable under our fundamental law. Merely three states-Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin- categorically prohibit consideration of race in acceptance ( Altstein, Melli, and Simon ) . This shows that people are get downing to understand that race is to be considered for the well being of the kid. With this accent, it is besides the societal workers that have really of import function with transracial acceptances. Jo Daughetty Bailey believe that any type of transracial acceptance international or non is non ever good and that the kids have a opportunity of losing their cultural heritage and that there is a manner to extinguish this. aˆÂ ¦ societal workers in the field have a critical function to play in minimising this. By using societal individuality to the insta nce of international adoptees cultural individuality formation, it follows that a positive cultural individuality is best facilitated by exposure to information and experiences that communicate the built-in value of the kid s cultural group ( Bailey ) . With the societal workers using this theory less kids that are adopted would non hold to worry about losing their cultural individuality. While transracial acceptance can work good with some households, this is non ever true for other households. With the kids in transracial acceptances, they do non ever demo psychological jobs or different societal jobs but the households need to anticipate the kid to see many different major challenges throughout their childhood, and turning up into adolescences. McRoy provinces in his article An Organizational Dilemma: the instance of Transracial acceptance that black kids need to turn up in their cultural background: Black kids belong physically and psychologically and culturally in black households where they can have the entire sense of themselves and develop a sound projection of their hereafter. Merely a black household can convey the emotional and sensitive nuances of perceptual experience and reactions essential for a black kid s endurance in a racialist society. Human existences are merchandises of their environment and develop their sense of values, attitudes, and self-concept within their ain household constructions. Black kids in white places are cut off from the healthy development of themselves as black people. With African American households that are put into white families there is ever the fact that the kids are non traveling to see their civilization in a custodies on manner. When African American kids turn up with the same race parents they do non hold the issue of losing their background and civilization. With Caucasic households non cognizing the exact background of their adoptive kids, the household can non explicate what is traveling on with hard experiences that the parents have neer gone through being a different race. When an African American girl asks her parents what precisely she should make with her hair, the female parent does non ever have the exact reply for her girl. With the female parent non sing this turning up or even in maturity, she may non be able to give her girl the best advice available. As stated in Katharine Quarmby s article Untitled she states that an assiocation has pointed out this fact: The Assoication of Black Social Workers ( ABSW ) claimed in the 1980 s that transracial arrangements are a manner prolongation racialist political orientation . Their motto, that Love is Enough , still looms over the statement. They pointed out that white parents did non how to care for black kids s tegument or hair, that black kids could non walk down the street with their white relations without holding to give and account. This may do jobs within the household and do the kid seem as if they do non suit in. This is non how kids should experience while in a household adhering relationship. While many households that have an African American kid in their household will necessitate aid or aid from the African American community. With many people non desiring the kids to lose their cultural background, trust of the African American community is a must. With the kids being active in the African American community has a positive and negative consequence on the kids in interracial acceptance. With the contact with the African American community the kids are able to larn about their background and civilization. This will assist the kids be able to interact with fellow equals that are like them. While this may look like a good thought, this may besides set the kids in a place that they do non belong in their current household and do non suit in because their household members are non like them. This may do kids to experience superior to their fellow household members and may non understand precisely why their household is non like the other households that they met in the Afri can American community. Ron Nixon writes an article in the New York Times, explicating that the de-emphasis on race in acceptance is critized and explains how the adoptees feel. Many transracial adoptees say they struggle to suit in among their ain household members. ( Nixon ) These adoptees may non experience like they fit in among their household because they do non precisely look like the other members, or they may non understand why their playthings were non the same colour as their friends when playing with Barbie s or G.I Joes. While some people may reason that if there is a restriction on acceptances based on race that there would be fewer acceptances. The kids that are put into Foster attention would non be placed into a household every bit shortly as possible. We have seen what happens when race is allowed to be a consideration. Children are waiting in Foster attention to be adopted. ( Nixon ) Ms. Chaplin, quoted in the New York Times article, is an associate commissioner at the Administration for Children and Families at the Department of Health and Human Services, who said this states that the kids would be waiting much longer in foster attention, shows that race should non be a determinant factor when it comes to adoption. This lone states that interracial acceptance is merely good because there will be fewer kids to be taken attention of in Foster attention, non how the kids really will get by with the determination and how they will respond. While every kid needs to cognize and develop their cultural individuality this may look really hard being raised in a family that is non of the same cultural background. In households that there is an African American kid, most parents raise the kid as if they have the same cultural individuality as them and most parents do non even notice they are making so. While kids may look that they are making good and booming, non demoing any major reverses this is non ever the instance. Although the kids appeared to be booming and good adjusted harmonizing to standard steps, they are being brought up as idea they were white and had small or no contact with black [ s ] . ( Hayes ) . While these kids are making good in the eyes of many, the kids are non making good in the facet of the cultural individuality. The kids are get downing to bury or non even understand their cultural background. The kids in some instances do non even cognize how people of their ain cultural individuality live or ev en move. With the kids non sing this first manus, they may lose a really of import portion of their history. Nagel states his sentiment in Bailey s article A Practice Model to protect the Ethnic Identity of International Adoptees in 1996: Cultural individuality is influenced by both external and internal factors. External forces include societal constructions that serve to specify cultural boundaries, often for political or economic intents, such an affirmatory action policies that seek to right historical inequalities between groups aˆÂ ¦ However, such external forces form merely portion of the complex system of cultural individuality formationaˆÂ ¦ therefore, achieving an individuality is a procedure in which one actively constructs a construct of the ego from an array of societal groups. This states that cultural individuality is affected by external and internal factors that will neer travel off and that kids need to understand and be able to wholly turn and boom as a individual. Experts besides province that kids cognizing about their cultural individuality are better off when turning up. Both have adopted a discourse that stresses that kids have a demand or right to a sense of cultural individuality and cultural heritage. ( Hayes ) While interracial acceptance is a really popular signifier of acceptance, some households believe that following a kid of a different race may learn those new imposts and cultural influences that the kid would neer be exposed excessively. While learning kids about different cultural backgrounds and holding them see the civilization of their parents may do the kid seem more rounded. While this may look as a fantastic thought, holding a kid that is from a different ethnicity being able to understand and suit in with a different civilization. This may do the kid seem like they would neer suit in with their original cultural background. This should neer be the instance with a kid turning up. Bing able to associate to merely one cultural background, that is non their original is non ever good to the kid. While interracial acceptance may look like an first-class thought, to acquire kids out of poorness, and have them populating outstanding, fantastic lives with parents that can demo the counsel, love and fondness, the arrangement of the kids is a really of import issue to be concerned with. While these kids do unrecorded wonderful lives, these kids frequently wonder what life would be like if they would hold stay in their cultural community. While the kids placed with adoptive parents that treat them merely as if they were blood kids and are considered to be their kids. When an African American adoptee begins to travel through different stage of their lives, they will get down to travel rely on people of the black community. Harmonizing the National Association of Black Social Workers a statement in 1972, who was against interracial acceptance stated: These kids need the support and socialisation of black households merely every bit much as the Black community needs to keep and prolong its kids and households. Yet, in Contrast to the lightening processes of international acceptance, the transracial acceptance of black kids returning in maturity to the black community. In fact, one of the definitions of success in these arrangements is the formation of an appropriate racial individuality. While this states that the kids that are in interracial acceptances will frequently return to the black community later in life. While these kids may believe that they lived a fantastic life, they may ever go on to inquire how their lives would hold been if they would hold grown up in the black community with the changeless influence of other people that are considered to be more like them. When the kid is invariably with people of the same race or expression like the other people in the household they no longer have to oppugn why they are the colour they are, or how they do non fit the other childs in their vicinity if they live in a prevailing white vicinity. With this type of wondering could be the ground of why adoptee kids adventure back to the grownup community when they are in early grownup goon. While some kids that are an apart of an interracial acceptance do no experience any signifier of racism turning up there are ever kids that do see this. When kids are small, the bash non ever understand why their friends in school, who are non the same colour, are different colourss than them. With this kids can sometimes get down to dislike other for non being the same colour as them. This may be really disturbing for a kid that is the lone dark skinned kid of the household. This may besides do the kids to experience as if they do non belong in their household even though they are really loved by their adoptive parents. Children and parents may besides judge interracial households throughout their childhood and turning up, sometime even stating rude and objectionable things about the household, even though they have no thought about the state of affairs. With this the kids may experience like they do non suit in with the people that they are brought up about. While interracial acceptance has become really common in the United States, which can be considered a really first-class achievement in acceptance bureaus with a larger sum of kids being placed into caring and loving households. With this type of acceptances, acceptance bureaus are conveying different people together to organize new households ; there should be a consideration of where the kids are topographic point into such households. Interracial acceptance can be really good, seting kids into places, larning a new civilization, but it needs to be considered that these kids may lose their cultural background non populating with people of the same race. These kids may besides non understand racism wholly, even being the center of racialist remarks throughout their lives that will neer travel off. While some acceptance bureaus do non take the kid and how they may see things different into consideration, it should be made known that is non all about acquiring the kids out of Foster a ttention, but into a household that they will be able to associate to. This is about what is in the best involvement of the kid, non the parent. ( Nixon )

buy custom Understanding Asperger’s Syndrome essay

buy custom Understanding Asperger’s Syndrome essay More than a half a century ago, Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger introduced to the professional world their understanding of a particular pattern of behavior for certain childrens lack of empathy, inability to form friendships with peers, too much concentration on particular interests, focusing too much on their one-sided conversation and somewhat awkward motor movement. Today, we call it Aspergers Syndrome, a form of disability that is gaining more recognition in the contemporary society. Currently, the most acknowledged definition of Aspergers Syndrome originated from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). For it to be effectively diagnosed, there are particular symptoms that must be present, which include at least two conditions of impairment within an individuals social cycle and interactions, and at least one in the area of restrictive interest as well as stereotyped behaviors or rituals (Tomeny, Barry, Bader, 2011; Mayada, E. Johnson, 2010, p.82). Research confirms that over the previous years the diagnostic term Aspergers syndrome (AS) and other higher functioning related conditions such as autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism disorder and autism spectrum disorder are on the rise (Wallace, Coleman Bailey, 2008, p. 1353; Sigman, Spence Wang, 2006, p.329). It is also established that Aspergers Syndrome is a serious social and communication disorder that can lead to a devastating effects to the affected. However, several efforts and initiatives have shown that good support and training can help the affected children progress in their areas of weakness and proceed to lead happy and productive lives in the future. The common social impairment syndrome associated with this disorder includes the child exhibiting poor eye contact. Children or students with AS disorder involuntarily avoid any eye contact with people within their surrounding. They are also have problem interacting with peers and are unable to keep friends as they find it easy to curve their own personal space. In certain instances, they may invade their peers personal space and in the end in the end dont get any appreciation from their social and emotional cues (Whittinggham, Sofronoff, Sheffield Sanders, 2008). Their reactions and facial expressions to unpleasant situations are normally not appropriate and find it difficult to accept other peoples perspective on issues or life. On the restrictive interests, AS victims dont find it strange when they focus too much on certain areas of interests until it becomes an impediment to their social life (Jonge, Kemmer, Naber Engeland, 2009). That is, they tend to concentrate on a single area of interest and know too much about everything, and find it difficult to change their way of thinking as far as transitions are concerned. Still, their motor movements tend to be repetitive, and hence find themselves doing such things as toe-walking in a repetitive manner. They unnecessarily get preoccupied with only particular parts of certain objects. According to Hegesh, Kertzman, Vishne (2009), this group of children is not tolerant to frustrations. They find it difficult to cope or survive in areas that require a lot of skills to cope with the events or situations. This group of children will always insist on having their own way in everything they do. This group of children has peculiar language speech traits. They have late development of speech and language mastery and superficially express language in a perfect manner (Sucksmith, Roth Hoekstra, 2011, p.; Belmonte, Gomot Baron-Cohen, 2010, p.266). Their interpretation of statements can be biased, and considers others opinions not acceptable. They also have limited non-verbal communication skills. That is, they cannot comprehend common gestures, and have clumsy communication model, especially on topics they are quite familiar with (Steifel et al., 2008, p.2). This syndrome has also been associated with biological, psychosocial, and neuropsychological risk/deficit factors. Low birth weight, abnormal rate of brain development, metabolic problems, infections before and after birth, obstetric events, increased maternal or paternal age, history of maternal psychiatric disorder, and socioeconomic place of birth have all been genetic, chromosomal, and psychosocial deficits proposed to capture AS (Gousse, 2002; Sabbagh Seamans, 2008; Damarla, Keller, Kana et al., 2010, p.273). Several neuropsychological deficits are involved with Aspergers Syndrome however there is no unifying theory or model of AS as a neurobiological disorder. The parents of children with these disorders often need considerable support in terms of information and intervention because the disorders are lifelong and multifaceted. In addition, autism has impact on the family as well as the individual, and so there is a growing need for family-centered intervention and support ser vices (Bradford, 2010; Steifel et al., 2008). Background The research on the aetiology of AS has been hindered by the absence of a unitary construct of AS (or Autism Spectrum Disorder) by its interchangble terminology and extrapolation from autism research. However, in the recent years a lot of studies have been undertaken to unearth the origin, impact, treatment and management of Apergers Syndrome. In 1943, Leo Kanner published the first paper when he described eleven children from his Child Psychiatric Unit who had much similarity in their behaviors than to the normal referrals had had received previously (Kunihira, Senju, Dairoku, 2006; Wallace, 2008). Kanner categorized some of the common character traits this group exhibited into peculiar language, social isolation, and insistence on sameness. The remarkable description from Kanner was the base from which many scholars picked their research initiatives. He highlighted some of the characteristic that today describes Aspergers Syndrome or Autism. In a more specific manner, he highlighted the difficulties these young people faced, their problem with expressing themselves through communication and repetitive as well as restrictive activities. Other researchers later described these traits as triad of impairments, as reported in Wing and Gould (1979), (as cited in Sullivan, Allen, 2009, p.148). It is Kanners observation and bel ief that led him to describe the primary condition of this problem as autism to express the central feature of the disability (Jonge, Kemner Engeland, 2006; Lopez, Tchanturia, Stahl Treasure, 2008). It is Kanner who separated autism from Childhood schizophrenia by describing the distinguishing feature of the two disorders. His observation was that people suffering from schizophrenia withdrew from social relationships while children who suffered from autism never developed them in the first place. In his report, he has been quoted as stating that, there is from the start an extreme autistic aloneness that, whenever possible, disregards, ignores, and shuts out anything that comes to the child from the outside (Kanner, 1943 as cited in Noland Reznick, Stone, W.L. et al., 2010). He also noted another peculiar thing about autism in language that differentiated it from schizophrenia. The language as expressed by autism victims suggested echolalia, pronoun reversals, and unique forms of expressions. In Grinter, Maybery, Beek, et al. (2009) view, although Kanner saw distinguishing features of autism and schizophrenia, his assumption was that autism was the earliest form and precursor of adult schizophrenia. However, other researchers have since disapproved this assertion with numerous distinguishing evidences. A lot of interests were generated by Kanners paper, which attracted a lot of readership and influenced many researchers. Although the reason for this wide readership is not clear, common assumption is that many professionals had started seeing an increased number of children exhibiting same disorder but were unsure on how to group or categorize them. One problem that has emerged from the original misconception presented in Kanners original paper has been proved difficult to overcome. From the onset, Kanner argument based on his 11 cases was that children were mostly of normal or higher than normal intelligence, with parents from higher social classes, and without neurological impairments (Cohen-Baron, Belmonte, 2005). His assertion was that social deficits were primary in instigating and emphasizing the problem. However, since Kanners time, his definition of autism has been modified and some of his claims have been refuted in a number of professionals but one thing is clear: many of the other ideas are still considered accurate and relevant in the modern day as they were 50 years ago (ONeill Menard, 2008; Ginter, Beek, Maybery, et al., 2009). After Kanner, came Asperger with his doctoral thesis paper in 1944. Although not widely known till almost 40 years laer when it was translated into English from its original manuscript in German, the manuscript has a huge contribution because it was picked from Kanners work. In fact, it is believed that Asperger even responded to some of Kanners manuscripts, albeit the less popular German language. Aspergers preliminary observations suggested that the children he made contact with during his summer camp programs on his ward exhibited some behaviors that he found unique. Some of these children, during the activities, did not fit with the rest of their peers, preferring to play alone and avoiding rough and tumble games (Gokcen, Bora Erermis, 2009). His curiosity drove him to search why and how these children behaved like this, and why they different from other children. He expressed empathy and described the children as autistic psychopathic cases (Johnson Rausch, 2008). Overtime, th is condition has been labeled as autistic personality disorder, which has significantly described Aspergers view of the condition. Hi view was that autism is a stable personality trait present from birth, rather than a psychotic process (Bolte Poustka, 2006). It was Aspergers description of the condition that took many professionals with a lot of desire to learn more. His observations were described as interesting, thought provoking and vivid (Bolte Poustka, 2006). Departing from Kanners approach, Asperger did not articulate which of the characteristics he believed were more essential for diagnosis, and those which did not fit the bill. However, many scholars have argued that Aspergers descriptions sounded more like a detailed account of the many common features he saw in the children he dealt with rather than a diagnostic approach to explaining the analytic observation (Pellicano, Maybery Durkin, 2005; Wallace, Sebastian, Pellicano, Parr Bailey, 2010; Ruta, Mazzone, Mazzone, et.al., 2011). One of the most telling inadequacies in Aspergers explanation was the inability to categorically state the primary features in his childrens disturbance with the social contacts. He only stated the peculiar linguistic, which involved pragmatic langu age deficits, which some describe as problems associated with using language as a functional tool in appropriate manner. He, in fact, interpreted the pragmatic difficulties that he saw his children experienced with eye gaze. Some of his observations have been interpreted as part of a fundamental disturbance in the expressive behaviors needed for social interaction. His therefore described the children as those unequal partners in the social interactions who had no ability to interpret complex social cues. Asperger also observed the childrens repetitive activities that Kanner had observed earlier. According to Asperger, this kind of behavior was just but one way some children used to follow their own interests and preoccupations while ignoring the social benefits of interactions and learning from each other (Yirmiya Shaked, 2005). According to his approach, Asperger believed that what he termed as autistic intelligence was a form of independent thinking and originality in thought wh ich his children displayed in school. In Aspergers view, this behavior was both a weakness and a strength exposed by the students. Contrary to what other children did, children with AS were more capable of forming their own imagination and strategies on various approaches to studying. They hardly followed what the teachers instructed them to do, a trait that Asperger believed was an intellectual strength rather than a weakness. But they could not also get into contact with those who were willing to help them, representing social weakness. Although various scholars agree that there is a lot of similarities in their perceptions and findings about AS, it cannot escape our attentions to note that there are some significant differences in details, descriptions and conclusions of the findings of these researchers. Literature Review Autism has always been seen as the paradigm pervasive development disorder. However, other diagnostic ideas with features that are somewhat similar to the disorder have not been intensively studied as far as research is concerned. However, a few literature findings suggest that some of the studies that have been conducted are still helpful for any present and future researches. Several diagnostic approaches from various scholars have revealed numerous efforts to have disorder exhaustively studied. For example, quite a number of these studies originated from adult psychiatry, neuropsychology, neurology, and other disciplines share, to a great degree, the phenomenological aspects of Aspergers Syndrome (Belmonte, Gomot Baron-Cohen, 2010; Tomeny, Barry Bader, 2011). One outstanding study was conducted by Tomeny, Barry Bader (2011) which revealed, to a greater extent, that people with abnormal pattern of behaviors related to autism were characterized by social isolation, rigidity of thoughts and habits, and unusual style of communication. Sucksmith, Roth Hoekstra (2011) agreed with this study and emphasized that Aspergers Syndrome could as well be called Schizoid personality in childhood. Unfortunately, the researcher never gave a development account of this concept, making it quite a challenge to ascertain the extent to which the person involved in the stud y may have experienced the autistic-like symptoms in his early life. More critical is that the concept of AS being a static personality as others claim does not carry with it the developmental process that may be in existent during growth, which may prove to be an important aspect in any effort to find diagnostic approach to its management. In the field of neuropsychology, a lot of effort has been put on research about the delineation of the implications for individuals social and emotional development of unique profile of neuropsychological assets and those inefficiencies that seems to have a deleterious impact on the persons capacity to socialize, as well as on the persons interactive and communicative styles. In Wallaces (2008), individuals with nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD) lacks tactile perception, psychomotor coordination, visual-spatial organization, non-verbal problem solving, and appreciation of incongruities humor. These individuals also shows well-developed rote verbal capacities and verbal memory skills; difficulty in adapting to novel and complex situations. They also over-rely on rote behaviors in such situations, relative deficits in mechanical arithmetic, in relation to proficiencies in single-word reading; poor pragmatics and prosody in speech. At the end, individuals with NLD show a peculiar te ndency toward social withdrawal are inevitably at risk to develop serious mood disorders. Pellicano, Maybery Durkin (2005, p.533) describes people who suffer NLD as possessing developmental learning disability of the right hemisphere. In this study, they observed that children described with this disorder exhibit extreme disturbances in the interpretation and expression of affected and in other primary interpersonal skills (Pellicano, Maybery Durkin, 2005). Most importantly, a familial link has been noted in the prevalence of NLD. It is noted that there are some unclear concepts that can describe different entities or give us different perspective on the heterogeneity and overlapping nature of individuals suffering from this disorder. Many professionals concur that the current research must focus on convergence among the various accounts of specific disciplines so as to put into usage the different methodologies in an effort to validate the behavioral concepts of Aspergers Syndrome (Sabbagh Seamans, 2008; Hegesh, Kertzman Vishne, 2009; Mayada Johnson, 2010). However, for ease of enhancing comparability studies, it is of critical importance to establish consensual and stringent rules or guidelines to make it easy to diagnose AS, specifically in regard to its similarities to the related disorders. Clinical Description World Health Organization (ICD-10) provides tentative criteria for Aspergers Syndrome, with the focus on symptomatological aspect of its clustered social and emotional behaviors. According to WHO, the restricted interests criteria and some of the two, in motor deficits and isolated special skills cap the traits of AS children (Wallace, 2008; Ginter, Beek, Maybery, et al., 2009). The other approach is the necessity to exclude other conditions, especially autism or sub-threshold form of autism. One interesting thing is that ICD-10 definition of AS is offered with autism when making the reference, thus some of the criteria involves ignoring the possible abnormalities in some functional areas that are common in autism. It is also important to note that the definition of Aspergers Disorder is nearly identical to the ICD-10 definition. However, the existing differences suggest that there is some unclear circumstances that define the difference in approach given to the treatment or manageme nt by different groups of proofessionals. The Onsite Criteria In the ICD-10 or the WHO criteria, individual history must indicate some absence of clinically significant general delay during language acquisition, cognitive development, and adaptive behavior. This kind of approach differs with the typical developmental accounts of autistic children, who show pervasive deficits and deviance in there areas prior to the age of three. However, this may not apply on cases of normal-IQ autistic children. It must also be noted that despite the willingness to adopt the adaptive behavior in the formulation of the criterion, its apparently implied that deficiencies in the social and emotional functions during play behavior dont rule out the AS diagnosis. The onset criteria are in agreement with Aspergers account. However, Cohen-Baron Belmonte (2005) note that there is presence of deficits in the use of language for communication, other than the formal language aspects, in certain case studies they carried out. To date, it is still unclear whether the lack of delays in the prescribed areas is a differential factor between Aspergers Syndrome and autism, or simply a reflection of the higher developmental level associated with the usage of the term AS. Some other common characterization of early development of individuals with AS involves particular precociousness in an attempt to learn to talk, mostly described in common language as learnt to talk before walk. In fact, the child sometimes learns to code numbers or words, even if with little or no understanding. They also develop certain attachment to patterns to family members but lack the appropriate approaches to peers. Theory of Mind Earlier studies have revealed a subgroup of people who suffer from AS who managed to pass second-order tests of theory of mind. However, these kinds of tests have a limit in the ascpect of development and terms corresponding to a mental age of a six-year old child. It is thus quite difficult to categorically state if such individuals are intact or have some form of impairment in their theory of mind. Sullivan Allen (2009) reported the performance of very high functional criteria with adults suffering from autism. With their methodology, these researchers used the information from photographs of a persons eye to infer the mental state of a person. In relation to age-matching of the normal controls and a clinical control group of the adults suffering from Tourette Syndrome, those with AS experienced significant impairment on the task. Specifically, individuals suffering from autism or AS were impaired on tasks related to strange stories of Hapes. However, they were not impaired on som e two control tasks. First they could easily recognize gender from the eye region of the face, and recognize basic emotions from the entire face. This kind of finding gives an evidence for subtle mindreading deficits in some high caliber autism or AS. Some level of evidence suggests that most of the children suffering from autism are impaired during the development of theory of mind (Whittinggham, Sofronoff, Sheffield Sanders, 2008). Such impairment may be a reflective of the underlying social, communicative, and imaginative abnormal diagnostic conditions, as theory of mind is necessary for normal development in each of the areas. In fact, the theory of mind is seemingly expressed quite early, at least from final stage of the first 5 years of life, as reflected in the deficiency in the joint attention (Sigman Wang, 2006). It is, however, noted that there is some evidence that suggests some level of contradiction with the notion that theory of mind deficit is a core cognitive deficiency experienced in autism. Bolte Poustka (2006) revealed that adults with AS, who happen to share the social and communicative symptoms of autism but who had not experienced any deficiency as far as language mastery and delay is concerned in their entire life passed second-order theory of mind tests. Another second-order theory of mind test was carried out, which involved test on reasoning about what one person thinks about anothers thoughts. Hegesh, Kertzman, Vishne (2009) also found out some adults with high-degree autism, who passed second-order theory of mind. However, theres some level of understanding that these studies cannot conclusively give evidence that intact theory of mind among the individuals with autism or AS. The reason is that second-order tests used can easily be used to produce ceiling effects if applied together with a mental age of more that 6 years old children or students. Moreover, children with normal intelligence pass second-order of mind tasks at about six years old (Hegesh, Kertzman Vishne, 2009). The Empathy Quotient Analysis It is no doubt that empathy is a critical aspect if normal social functioning, yet there are important few instruments that can help measure difference between its level on individual basis. An important ability to empathize allows us to put ourselves in someones position in order to understand how they feel about a situation. Empathy also allows us to understand other peoples intentions and undergo the influence that is triggered by their social world. In short, we can understand what social world is all about if we are able to sympathize. However, many individuals with Aspergers Syndrome have problems interacting with their peers and are deficient in empathy (Sullivan Allen, 2009). A number of case reports have reported the case for empathy deficit among the AS patients. In a systematic study of a rather larger cohort of individuals with Aspergers Syndrome, the prevalence of empathy deficient is evident in several instances (Sullivan Allen, 2009). In a similar rejoinder, a genera l population study of Aspergers Syndrome revealed a very high rate of associated ties, which included a fully-blown Tourettes syndrome. Thus, whichever dimension it takes, it is obvious that empathy deficits, autistic features and Aspergers syndrome are common problems affecting people diagnosed with such disorders. The difference in approach all depends on the individuals clinicians preference on the main diagnosis is portrayed as the clinically most important problem. Although most professionals in the field of clinical practice believe that individuals diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome have a disorder which is believed to have a strong relation to genetics or family background, there is a clinical conviction in some quarters that there are subgroups within the Aspergers group that might not have any close relation to the core autism phenotype as currently assumed. Ginter, Beek, Maybery, et al. (2009) state that in their clinical studies, he has come across at least three different family subtypes of those who have been diagnosed with AS disorders. Conclusion It is clear that those who have been diagnosed with autism or Aspergers syndrome other being normal in general perspective, they have above average IQ and would never be impaired on a simple theory of the mind set as some scholars have suggested. On another perspective, it cannot be easily accounted or expressed that IQ of individuals diagnosed with AS Syndrome. In fact, no study within the realm of this literature revealed any correlation between IQ and Aspergers Syndrome disorder. It is therefore critical to note that management of Aspergers Syndrome is dependent on individual clinician to understand the child. It does not utterly depend on just emotional terms, but also includes terms that can describe cognitive mental states. The observation of the real social world also debugs the theory of mind as it is deemed too simple than the real and actual demand of the actual social world. Its clear that those who suffer Aspergers Syndrome often sidelines themselves from real world, depicting the fact that their social action proceeds rapidly, and they tend to focus a lot on why a person said or did something. They even wonder why people rejoice at some things such watching a nice episode of a movie. With the increased interactions with modern social media, it is clear that people can easily notice individuals with symptoms of Aspergers Syndrome. Clinicians give AS a different approach to that of onsite criteria individuals and even the theory of mind. Most clinical approach involves concentration on the emotional and social behaviors. Clinicians also exclude certain conditions such as autism from the actual characteristics of AS. Onsite criteria on the other hand focus on the cognitive development process, general delay of language skills acquisition. In other word, onsite approach does focus mainly on the developmental stage of the problem. It is thus prudent to conclude that Aspergers Syndrome requires a multidimensional approach to management and treatment. Buy custom Understanding Asperger’s Syndrome essay

Chemistry Review Chapters 1 2

Therefore the rings of electrons underneath the valence atoms shield the valence electrons from the nucleus so that the atom isn’t pulled in as tight as the one before it. o Trends for atomic size: As you go down a periodic table, atoms get smaller Because the protons increase as you go down a period, the positive charge on tighter to the nucleus rather looser. o Trends for ionization energy: Ionization energy tends to go down a group o As you go down a period the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons in the outer energy level decreases. o Ionization energy tends to increase across a period. o As you go across a period the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons in the outer energy level increases. Therefore, more energy is needed to pull an electron away from its atom. Lewis structure: a symbolic representation of the arrangement of the valence electrons of an element  · Octet: an arrangement of eight electrons in the valence shell of an atom  · Ioniza tion energy: the energy that is needed to remove an electron from a neutral atom  · Atomic mass unit (u): a unit of mass that is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12  · Radioisotope: an unstable isotope of an element, which undergoes radioactive decay  · Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one of its atoms. Each proton or neutron is counted as one unit of the mass number. Energy level: fixed, three-dimensional volume in which electrons travel around the nucleus.  · Valence electron: an electron that occupies the outermost energy level of an atom.  · Stable octet: an arrangement of eight electrons in the valence shell of an atom.  · Electron affinity: the change in energy that accompanies the addition of an electron to an atom in the gaseous state.  · Cation: a positively charged atom.  · Anion: a negatively charged atom. Theories: Law of Conservation of mass: During a chemical reaction, the total mass of the substances involved does not change. Law of Definite Proportions: Elements always combine to form compounds in fixed proportions by mass. (Eg. Water always contains the elements hydrogen and oxygen combined in the following proportions: 11% hydrogen, 89% oxygen) Lesson 3 Ionic and Covalent compounds  · Chemical Bonds: the forces that attract to each other in compounds. o BONDING INVOLVES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE VALENCE ELECTRONS OF ATOMS WHICH USUALLY CREATES A MORE STABLE BOND THAT AN ELEMENT ON ITS OWN.  · Ionic compound: between a non-metal and a metal where the metal loses an electron and the non-metal gains it Characteristics of an ionic bond consist of:  § Normally happens between a metal and a non-metal  · Metals tend to lose electrons, non-metals tend to gain them.  § Very high melting point  § Easily dissolved in water  § Good conductor of electricity, in water or on its own.  · Covalent compound: a bond between two non-metals (or a metal and a non-metal when the metal has a high electron af finity), where atoms share electrons o Characteristics of a covalent bond consist of:  § Low melting point  § When contained under high pressures or temperatures, becomes liquid  § Weak conductor of electricity Somewhat soluble o Polar covalent compound: a bond where the electronegativity is not great enough to completely bond to the other atom. Although, it does move closer to an atom, it never completely bonds. (between 0. 5 and 1. 7) This therefore means that when the electrons are partially exchanged, rather than having a + or – sign, they receive a ? + or ? – symbol  · Electronegativity: the measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond. (EN) the opposite of atomic size which therefore means that as the atomic size increase, the electronegativity decreases If the electronegativity difference is 0. 00-1. 6 the bond is covalent. o If the electronegativity difference is over 1. 7 and up the bond is ionic.  · Octet rule: atoms bond in o rder to achieve an electron configuration that is the same as the electron configuration a noble gas. (8 valence electrons)  · Isoelectric: when two atoms or ions have the same electron configuration. (e. g. Cl and Ar)  · Molecular compounds: See covalent bonds  · Intramolecular forces: the forces that bond covalent bonds together  · Intermolecular forces: the forces that bond ionic bonds together Metallic bonding: in order to combine two metals both metals lose their valence electrons and combine them in a free flowing â€Å"sea† of electrons so that the electrons are shared equally by all atoms that join the bond.  · Alloy: a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals.  · Lone pairs: electron pairs that are not involved in bonding  · Bonding pairs: electron pair that are involved with bonding.  · Polar molecule: a molecule with a partial negative charge on one end and a partial positive charge on the other end.  · Non-polar molecule: a molecule that has nei ther a positive nor negative end.

Extraction of Metals from their Ores Worksheet Coursework

Extraction of Metals from their Ores Worksheet - Coursework Example an alloy with lead called solder/ it was used back in the Bronze Age to make alloys/ it is malleable, ductile and becomes a superconductor at low temperatures It is used in plumbing and to make electrical wires/it was used even in prehistoric times and was later used to make brass/Very good conductor of electricity, malleable, resistant to corrosion and very unreactive. It is used mainly for jewellery and decorative purposes, and also for electrical contacts and electroplating/Used in Ancient civilizations especially Egypt for jewellery and ornaments/it is highly unreactive, malleable and ductile. These elements are strong non-metals and are unstable in their elemental state and they can form stable compounds when reacted with the more reactive metals. Furthermore the reactions that form these compounds are exothermic hence they are favoured and oxygen and sulphur are commonly bonded to metals in their ores. 4. Referring to the table of reactivity for metals on page 231 of your text book, can you see any relationship between the reactivity of the metals and their date of discovery? Describe any relationship you can see. There is a relationship between the reactivity of elements and their date of discovery; the more reactive elements were discovered later, around the 18th and 19th century, whereas the less reactive elements were discovered at the latest by 1000 BC. More reactive elements such as potassium to magnesium were discovered around the early 19th century, while less reactive elements, starting from zinc to silver were discovered from 1000 BC dating back to as much as 9000 BC. Method 1: React the metals with cold water, warm water and/or hot water and note the reaction that follows. More reactive metals will react easily with cold water, less reactive metals with react less vigorously with warm water whereas the metals with very low reactivity will not react even with hot water. Method 2: React the metals with dilute hydrochloric acid. The metals that

Citigroup Crisis Management and Continuity Plan Essay

Citigroup Crisis Management and Continuity Plan - Essay Example The economic crisis in the recent years had a significant impact over the nation thus impacting the businesses of the Citigroup as well. The current research focuses on the responses of the organizational group to the economic crisis and to learn the concepts and use of business management continuity plans in the process. Citigroup and the Global Economic Recession: The global economic recession that hit the United States in the late 2008 and thereafter the entire world affected the nation’s gross domestic product, led to unemployment, decrease in purchases, and decline in investments (U.S. Economic Downturn Worsened at End of 2008, 2009). Root Cause of the Recession leading Citigroup to a Crisis Situation: With the enhancement of the economic slowdown in the United States, the Citigroup started getting affected and was encountered with the crisis of recession. One of the major crises that led to the crisis in the Citigroup was the decline in the demand level among the custome rs. When a financial slowdown was prevailing in the United States, people tended to invest less and save their funds. When the nation was encountered with the decline in the economic growth, customers feared the failure or lack of performance of the different companies that included Citigroup as well. With scarcity in the availability of funds in the economy of the country customers started saving and stopped investing or lending to the company that ultimately led to a crisis for the company (Beek, 2010; Cochrane, 2010, p. 34). Thus the two primary reasons that could be reflected as the root causes for the crisis in the Citigroup are the economic slowdown in the United States followed by the change in the customer outlook and behavior towards fearing the failure of companies to overcome the global crisis, leading to huge declines in the levels of demand. Citigroup before the Crisis: Before the global recession had hit the United States, Citigroup had been successfully performing its activities. Several innovative strategies have been encouraged within the group. Also, with greater expansion plans the company created several job opportunities (Our commitment is our promise, 2006). The year 2007, which was before the economic crisis, the company reflected positive results with respect to its international consumer related performances, wealth management at an international level, as well as operations of services in its different business divisions. However, the results for the banking and marketing segments of the group were not satisfactory. Too much of lending and written down values might have led to such a condition for the group. The revenue generation was thus affected although the customer growth was increasing. The volume of products and the operating expenses of the group also started rising from the previous years. Credit costs for the financial sector of the group also increased (Citigroup’s 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K, 2007). Citigroup du ring the Crisis: During the global economic slowdown, the Citigroup suffered huge losses that primarily occurred as a result of increasing costs of credits and the intensifying economic recession. Inflation and increasing levels of unemployment, that were resultant from the global econom

The crucial elements of gothic horror Essay Example for Free

The crucial elements of gothic horror Essay Gothic horror first started to appear in the early C19th. Gothic was applied later on by renaissance and enlightenment negatively to mean medieval critics because it was considered barbaric. As the centuries went past the term gothic was no longer the meaning of a negative connotation so it was used to refer an ancient past in a nostalgic way. At the end of the C18th the gothic movement had changed from enlightenment rationalism to horror, darkness and elements from the dark realm. The gothic movement is still but mostly horror. Common motifs used in gothic horror stories are murder, suicide, torture, madness, lycanthropy, ghosts, vampires, demons, poltergeists, demonic pacts, diabolic possession/ exorcism, witchcraft and voodoo. Im going to analyse Napoleon and the spectre, The goblins who stole a sexton and The signalman. Napoleon and the spectre is written by Charlotte Bronte, the goblins who stole a sexton and the signalman are both written by Charles Dickens. At the starting point of the Napoleon and the Spectre story Bronte already mentions that theres something or someone in Napoleons room; she writes: . in a few minutes the emperor felt his pillow becoming hard, and he got up to shake it. As he did so a slight rustling noise was heard near the bed-head. But it stops as Napoleon lies down. This indicates that a ghost is in the room and the mysterious noises also indicate that the presence of a ghost is possible. Ghosts and mysterious noises are crucial elements of gothic horror because theyre inhumane things so people are scared of them and mysterious noises are linked to ghosts, ghosts are one of the common motifs used in gothic horror. Napoleon responds to a deep groan from a closet in the corner of the apartment by crying Whos there? Speak or Ill blow your brains out. A short sharp laugh is the reply to this threat and a dead silence follows. Again this indicates that there is a ghostly presence and the dead silence is a crucial gothic element because this creates tension. When Napoleon opens the closet another rustling noise was heard but nothing was there, also indicates a ghostly presence. Bronte is describing ghostly effects. When the candlelight is obscured by a black opaque shadow another gothic element (darkness) is brought in. Darkness is another crucial gothic element because some of the common motifs used in gothic horror are associated with darkness such as vampires: they come out at night, witchcraft: witches wear black clothes etc.

Gender Equity in College Sports Essay -- essays papers

Gender Equity in College Sports â€Å"Gender Equality In College Sports?† An on going issue facing education today is the growing controversial topic of gender equality in sports participation and it’s so call quota for achieving equality. The most notable action that has taken place as women continue to strive towards equality in the athletic realm is what is known as, Title IX. The basic ideas underlying Title IX are that â€Å"if an institution sponsors an athletics program, it must provide equal athletic opportunities for members of both sexes.† (Yoshida p.3) Simply put, Title IX attempts to achieve â€Å"equality† of funding for male and female athletes. The problem with this idea of complete â€Å"equality† is that no one agrees as to what is considered equal. It is an ambiguous term, interpreted differently by many people. The enactment of this Title has significantly changed the playing field for athletic departments through out the nation by altering their funding systems to comply with its rules. As a result, women have benefited greatly. There have been additions of female sports as well as an increase of the number of scholarships awarded to female athletes, and also a lot more funding to provide more â€Å"equitable† facilities for them. According to the NCAA Gender Equity Studies , â€Å"from 1992 to 1997 NCAA institutions have increased the number of female athletes by 5,800. But tragically during that time these colleges also eliminated 20,900 male athletes.† (Kocher p.1) This dramatic landslide has occurred because athletic departments are under pressure to rapidly increase the proportion of female athletes by whatever means necessary. As the path toward complete â€Å"equality† gradually brightens for women in college athletics, a dark path is now becoming evident. Mal e athletes, in a sense, are now being discriminated against because of Title IX. This issue of Title IX affects our education system today because its rules are controversial as to what is really â€Å"equal.† For instance, if one particular sport at a university is extremely successful and is capable of supporting many other sports within the system, then, is it fair that that successful sports team should be penalized by limiting their funds? Should they have to support a team who has been added to the university to abide by Title IX rules, but are not making a profit? In the end, the ... ...nd education. As for the University of Hawaii, I feel that we are making positive strides in the right direction in adding female sports to the athletic program. The latest addition to be added to the program is a women’s track team. Although Title IX has made it possible in opening opportunities for women, I think that law makers need to look into having the University of Hawaii exempt, to some degree, as far as being compliant with Title IX. If equality is what law makers are striving for than, because of UH’s geographical position, it’s not fair that the athletic program alone would have to generate twice as much money compared to the mainland schools, just to stay afloat. Not even to be competitive! How close are we really to achieving â€Å"equality† or is there even such a word like that in college sports? Bibliography: 1.) Kocher, Leo; â€Å"1992-1997-An Era Of Title IX’s Unintended Consequences in College Athletics,† Online @: (www.intermathwrestle.com/titleix/congress4.htm) 2.) Yoshida, Hugh; â€Å"If You Let Us Play...† A Plan for Achieving Gender Equity in University of Hawaii Intercollegiate Athletics 1996-2002. March 15, 1996

Pro Life vs Pro Choice Essay

â€Å"Pro Life† people that believe that for example a fetus is a human and abortion should be considered murder vs. â€Å"Pro Choice† people that for example believe its up to them and no one else a subject that has been a sensitive moral issue for people through out the entire world. The issue we currently have in hand is should abortion be allowed or not and why or why not. This issue should be looked at very carefully because it does not just effect one person it affects other people’s lives as well. There are many utilitarian’s or should we call them people that are Pro Choice out there in this world that believe that when an issue comes about, the issue when handled should offer the most positive out come not only for oneself but for others as well. When women take the time and make sure that getting an abortion is the best thing to do, some of the reasons they are considering or should be considered is; am I ready to be a mom if the conclusion is you are not ready to become a mom it could be because of what is currently going on in your life. For example, if it’s you still are in school and would like to continue your education. A very important reason one to be considered the highest is not having a supportive boyfriend or husband, you can’t do it by yourself. Some will say that they cannot afford a child at this point and time. How will you be able to feed, cloth, and shelter your child with out the necessary means? Another thing that must be considered is will the mother or child be able to survive the birth. If there is a guarantee then there should be no questions asked, if the mother wants to have an abortion then it is her right to make that decision, if she knows she could possibly die from giving birth, and she is not allowed an abortion wouldn’t that be considered suicide or murder. Judith Jarvis Thomson states, â€Å" I think that the premise is false, that the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree. But I shall not discuss any of this. For it seems to me to be of great interest to ask what happens if, for the sake of argument, we allow the premise. How, precisely, are we supposed to get from there to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible† (Thomson) . On the other hand people that are Pro Life will argue the fact that fetuses are human beings and it is morally wrong to take their life from them, they say that it is against god or any higher power but that argument can be considered a little â€Å"flakey†, that seems like they are telling you to be a religious person, with the possibility of so many complications it is extremely dangerous on the mothers end, there is always the option to put your child up for adoption, you should know and or trust that the state will put your infant in a good family. No society will allow any human to intentionally harm or take the life of another human being without any form of punishment, and abortion should be considered no different. Doctors and nurses promised to save our lives, not destroy them. Don Marquis of the University of Kansas asks a different question â€Å" Do we have the same reasons not to kill a fetus that we have not to kill an adult?† killing adults he says, is wrong because it deprives them of their future. But in Killing a fetus, we are also depriving it of its future. Thus, it seems inconsistent to object one but not the other.† (Marquis) We all know that there are always going to be arguments on abortion being right or wrong. Each side both has value able points that they bring up in discussion. Morally its hard to say, you can always give your opinion but it ultimately its on a personal level and no one else’s beliefs should be forced upon you. I personally believe that it should be allowed. There are more positive reasons why it should be allowed. In my opinion some of those reasons are if you know your child will be ill and not be able to take care of him or herself at all, if there is a chance the mother or child wont be able to survive the birth. However, I do not believe that only one side should be taken, it is wrong to kill a human being no matter what state they are in his or her life. If abortion was to be socially accepted then there might be safer ways to come about, or more people would want to adopt which would make it a win win for all. But what it really boils down to is it’s up to the m other and no one else, it’s her body, and her child and it should ultimately be up to her.

How to balance Penn Foster studies with work and/or family demands Essay

Ther is a saying: â€Å"My purpose in life is to have a life with purposes† is a quote I lived by throughout many years. I think it is very important to have goals and to accomplish those goals a well as you can. I am forty seven years old, I am married and Father of two children, We have many purposes, one of them is their education , their health, but we also know that we don’t have enough time nor enough education to supply all their demands, and the many things that the current system demands. My new purpose is my graduation as Electrical Engineering Technology in Penn Foster College, perhaps It gives me the opportunity to study at distance in my own pace, and to make enough money to realize one of my dreams, â€Å"One of my purposes† without having to leave and still be able to be with my family, is very important to me. Our Daughter is Sixteen years old, She is currently a Junior in High School, where she is a part of important clubs and is on the varsity lacrosse team. Just like many teenagers Karen is very friendly and has a lot of different things happening in her life. She demands a lot of time from us; we have to getting her to and from school or practices everyday, there are also social events she attends. Our Son is ten years old; he is in elementary school and just started Karate classes. My Wife and I help each other out by taking turns with each of our child’s individual demands so we each have time to study. Even though it is not easy, it is worth it. We know that the sacrifices we make won’t only help our children with their future, but it will help ours too. Some day my plan is to retire as professional; and the Penn Foster studies is a great investment for the future of my family and I. Sometimes it is very difficult to make them understand why I am so busy. Why we do not go away for vaction as frequent as we did. Same thing occurs with my sisters and mother, they ask why I haven’t been attending a lot of the family events or why I don’t call as much as before. But there is just so many things I need to care for, and so many going through my head all through out the day, that when I do finally have free time, my main focus is too get in as much studying as possible. I decided to bring the books every where, to my work place, to my children practices, to some places that we are used to it, even to my bathroom. I installed shelves just to have them close to me. My son is always looking for me and ask me why take me so long in the bathroom when I don’t get out soon. My job demands many times to make more work hours over time or even on weekends, I try to do it, but I know that I have to dedicate some time to my studies and to my family, perhaps the more soon I can graduate, more soon We can see the results, and even more more soon I will dedicate more time to my family, because at the same time I will make more money as a professional Electrician. I hope some day, I can have my own electrical company, to get the licenses necessary to run it or who knows to apply for electrical inspector. I am thinking to have an administrative job as I am getting older.

Effects of Water Pollution Essays

Effects of Water Pollution Essays Effects of Water Pollution Essay Effects of Water Pollution Essay Water Pollution and Its Effects The water pollution is very harmful to humans, animals and water life. The effects can be catastrophic, depending on the kind of chemicals, concentrations of the pollutants and where there are polluted. Below, we shall see a summary of the effects of water pollution. The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in what locations. Many water bodies near urban areas (cities and towns) are highly polluted. This is the result of both garbage dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped by manufacturing industries, health enters, schools and market places. Death Of aquatic (water) animals The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on these water bodies. Dead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat (living environment). Disruption of food-chains Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels. Diseases Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor nations, there is always outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of poor drinking water treatment from contaminated waters. Destruction of ecosystems Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in a place, depending on each other for life) can be severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now being affected by careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans in many ways.

Investing in Equities Case of Morrison Supermarkets Plc Essay

Investing in Equities Case of Morrison Supermarkets Plc - Essay Example The organization was selected due to its recent trend in performance, operations, and positioning within the industry. Tables 1, 2 and 3 in the Appendices show the operations, performance, and market positioning of Morrison Supermarket Plc. In terms of the performances, Morrison has provided a positive indicate especially in respect to the market capitalization as well as the volume of shares traded (Table 2). On the other hand, Table 2 shows that amongst the various players in the industry, Morrison Supermarket Plc had experienced a positive change in the share price. Lastly, Table 3 provides a deeper understanding of the performance of the Morrison Supermarket Plc hence justifying the reason behind its investment. From the information contained in Tables 1, 2 and 3, it is clear that Morrison Supermarket Plc is a profitable organization to invest in shares or other securities. The fact that during the fiscal year 2010 Morrison Supermarket Plc was able to pay dividends. The fact that the firm was able to pay dividends is a clear justification that investing in this organization is likely to yield to more profits and returns. Therefore, this was the main motivation behind the investment of ?10,000 in shares between 2008 November and 2012 December. In this report, findings, which are in terms of financial analyses, are provided. The report concludes by an overview of the investment process as well as recommendations towards further investments. Findings The investment involved buying shares worth ?10,000 between 2008 November and 2012 December. Table 4 within the Appendices provides the value of shares at the beginning and at the end of 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The following calculations are based on the figures in Table 4 within the Appendices section. Assumptions: The following are the assumptions used in writing this report: 1. The earned dividends were reinvested throughout the years. 2. The total amount obtained from the amount invested and the divi dend earned is invested at the beginning of a fiscal year hence the close price of the beginning of the year is applied In November 2008, the share price = ?242.50 (close) Total Amount of investment = ?10,000 It is important to calculate the number of shares since dividend is usually earned per share. Therefore, the number of shares will be given by the following formula: No of shares bought in 2008 = 41 shares. The following table shows how the 41 shares earned dividends and how the dividends were re-invested and more shares bought (NB. The table is obtained from calculations performed in an Excel function; the Excel file is attached) Based on the above assumptions, the calculations were done on the Excel (Excel file attached) and the following table shows the results. The table is also obtained in Table 5 of the Appendices. Date Amount Close Price Shares Dividend Earned Dividends Total Amount Nov-08 10,000.00 242.50 41.24 0.00 10,000.00 May-09 10,000.00 242.50 41.24 5.00 206.19 10 ,206.19 Sep-09 10,206.19 236.50 43.16 1.08 46.61 10,252.79 May-10 10,252.79 280.00 36.62 7.12 260.71 10,513.51 Sep-10 10,513.51 266.10 39.51 1.23 48.60 10,562.10 May-11 10,562.10 293.80 35.95 8.73 313.84 10,875.95 Sep-11 10,875.95 297.70 36.53 3.17 115.81 10,991.76 May-12 10,991.76 302.20 36.37 7.53 273.88 11,265.64 Sep-12 11,265.64 266.10 42.34 3.49 147.75 11,413.40 Total 1,413.40 11,413.40 From the above table it is evident that there was a return of ?1,413.40 on the ?10,000 amount invested in shares between November 2008 and September 2012. Ratio Analysis for 2012/2013 In a bid to provide further justification on the reasons for the selection of

What's economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What's economics - Essay Example Hall and Lieberman (3) state that there is a fundamental problem with human beings in this world and that lies in the fact that we have unlimited wants although our means to achieve these wants are limited. For example, in life, there are many things that we will want to achieve. However, because we have few resources available to achieve those wants, we have to make good choices that will enable us to get the best possible situation in life. Economics is therefore a subject that studies how to make the best choices. Whenever a choice is made, the alternative satisfaction forgone is known as the opportunity cost (Hall & Lieberman 3). This means that economics helps us to make the wisest choice and get the best satisfaction in personal terms as well as relative terms (in relation to the opportunity cost). There are two levels within which economics is studied: macroeconomics and micro economics. Macroeconomics is concerned with the whole economy or large segments of it (Jain & Ohri 3). It is concerned with the rate of inflation, national unemployment and other things of national concerns. There is another branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals, households, firms and governments (Hall & Lieberman 8). This branch of economics studies the choices that these units of a nation make and the interactions of these units. This branch is called microeconomics. Microeconomics is concerned with the interaction of the forces of demand and supply by individuals, households, firms and governments. It seeks to identify the effects of rational decisions in terms of choice in these units of a nations economy. Microeconomics ends up in the formulation of theories about the most rational members of these sub units are likely to take. Personally, I hope to learn more and become a rational individual and also grow up to take rational decisions everywhere I will find myself. I expect to learn the main theories and concepts of microeconomics so that I